[ Team LiB ] Page 634
Saturday, February 3rd, 2007Page 636
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[ Team LiB ] 10 Fundamental Classes 10.1 (b) The method hashCode() in the Object class returns a hash code value of type int. 10.2 (e) All arrays are genuine objects and inherit all the methods defined in the Object class, including the clone() method. Neither the hashCode() method nor the equals() method is declared final in the Object() class, and it cannot be guaranteed that implementations of these methods will differentiate between all objects. 10.3 (a) The clone() method of the Object class will throw a CloneNotSupportedException if the class of the object does not implement the Cloneable interface. 10.4 (a), (c), and (d) The class java.lang.Void is considered a wrapper class, although it does not wrap any value. There is no class named java.lang.Int, but there is a wrapper class named java.lang.Integer. A class named java.lang.Stringalso exists, but it is not a wrapper class since all strings in Java are objects. 10.5 (c) and (d) The classes Character and Boolean are non-numeric wrapper classes and they do not extend the Number class. The classes Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Float, and Double are numeric wrapper classes that extend the Number class. 10.6 (a), (b), and (d) All instances of wrapper classes are immutable. Page 629
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[ Team LiB ] 8 Object Lifetime 8.1 (e) An object is only eligible for garbage collection if all remaining references to the object are from other objects that are also eligible for garbage collection. Therefore, if an object obj2 is eligible for garbage collection and object obj1contains a reference to it, then object obj1 must also be eligible for garbage collection. Java does not have a keyword delete. An object will not necessarily be garbage collected immediately after it becomes unreachable. However, the object will be eligible for garbage collection. Circular references do not prevent objects from being garbage collected, only reachable references do. An object is not eligible for garbage collection as long as the object can be accessed by any live thread. An object that has been eligible for garbage collection can be made non-eligible. This occurs if the finalize() method of the object creates a reachable reference to the object. 8.2 (b) Before (1), the String object initially referenced by arg1 is denoted by both msg and arg1. After (1), the String object is only denoted by msg. At (2), reference msg is assigned a new reference value. This reference value denotes a new String object created by concatenating several other String objects. After (2), there are no references to the String object initially referenced by arg1. The String object is now eligible for garbage collection. 8.3 (b) The Object class defines a protected finalize() method. All classes inherit from Object, thus, all objects have a finalize() method. Classes can override the finalize() method and, as with all overriding, the new method must not reduce the accessibility. The finalize() method of an eligible object is called by the garbage collector to allow the object to do any cleaning up, before the object is destroyed. When the garbage collector calls the finalize() method, it will ignore any exceptions thrown by the finalize() method. In all other cases, normal exception handling occurs when an exception is thrown during the execution of the finalize() method, that is, exceptions are not simply ignored. Calling the finalize() method does not in itself destroy the object. Chaining of the finalize() methods is not enforced by the compiler, and it is not mandatory to call the overridden finalize() method. Page 623
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